Given that CVD is the number one leading cause of death and highly preventable (estimates approx. 80% preventable) as mentioned in previous posts, it would be reasonable to start looking at how to prevent this cluster of diseases first.
CVD Prevalence (An estimate of the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population during a specified period. Prevalence is sometimes expressed as a percentage of population):
An estimated 81,100,000 American adults (more than one in three) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of these, 38,100,000 are estimated to be age 60 or older. Total CVD includes diseases in the bullet points below except for congenital CVD. Due to overlap, it is not possible to add these conditions to arrive at a total.
• High blood pressure (HBP) — 74,500,000. (Defined as systolic pressure 140 mm Hg or greater and/or diastolic pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, taking antihypertensive medication or being told at least twice by a physician or other health professional that you have HBP.)
• Coronary heart disease (CHD) — 17,600,000.
– Myocardial infarction (MI, or heart attack) — 8,500,000.
– Angina pectoris (AP, or chest pain) — 10,200,000.
• Heart failure (HF) —5,800,000.
• Stroke — 6,400,000.
CVD Incidence (An estimate of the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a population in a one-year period):
Based on the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI’s) Framingham Heart Study (FHS) original and offspring cohort (1980–2003):
The average annual rates of first major cardiovascular events rise from three per 1,000 men at ages 35–44 to 74 per 1,000 at ages 85–94. For women, comparable rates occur 10 years later in life. The gap narrows with advancing age.
– Before age 75, a higher proportion of CVD events due to CHD occur in men than in women, and a higher proportion of events due to stroke occur in women than in men.
• Data from the FHS indicate that the lifetime risk for CVD is two in three for men and more than one in two for women at age 40.
CVD Mortality:
Final mortality data show that CVD as the underlying cause of death (including congenital cardiovascular defects) accounted for 34.3 percent (831,272) of all 2,426,264 deaths in 2006,or one of every 2.9 deaths in the United States. CVD any mention
deaths (1,347,000 deaths in 2006) accounted for about 56 percent of all deaths in 2006.
In every year since 1900, except 1918, CVD accounted for more deaths than any other major cause of death in the United States.
• Nearly 2,300 Americans die of CVD each day, an average of one death every 38 seconds. CVD claims more lives each year as cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases and accidents combined.
• The 2006 overall death rate from CVD was 262.5. The rates were 306.6 for white males and 422.8 for black males; 215.5 for white females and 298.2 for black females. From 1996–2006, death rates from CVD declined 29.2 percent. In the same 10-year period, actual CVD deaths declined 12.9 percent. (Appropriate comparability ratios were applied.)
CVD Costs:
The total direct and indirect cost of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States for 2010 is estimated at $503.2 billion. This figure includes health expenditures (direct costs, which include the cost of physicians and other professionals, hospital and
nursing home services, medications, home health care and other medical durables) and lost productivity resulting from morbidity and mortality (indirect costs).
By comparison, in 2008 the estimated cost of all cancer and benign neoplasms was $228 billion ($93 billion in direct costs, $19 billion in morbidity indirect costs and $116 billion in mortality indirect costs).
Take home message: Cardiovascular diseases including heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and congestive heart failure contribute to significant and important burden of disease. They are mostly preventable and therefore can be avoided by taking a preventive medicine approach to them.
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